Eugenics: Designer Babies

Selective breeding: Designer Babies Okpurukre Isoken (Medical Ethics) Professor Ballantyne August fifth, 2009 Eugenics: Designer Babies Eugenics, in its broadest sense, is characterized as â€Å"the investigation of or confidence in the chance of improving the characteristics of the human species or of a human populace, particularly by such methods as disheartening propagation by people having hereditary deformities or dared to have inheritable unwanted traits†. The term catches a buffet of vivacious symbolism scratched into the records of mankind's history †of spooky recollections about human outrages tensely holding back to blur away at the dusk snapshots of an advanced age †of stuffed jail camps, in which the profundities of travail and lethargic moans of incalculable exposed casualties, of bodies attacked by scars and which have gotten too powerless to be in any way revived in any shape or way. Or on the other hand of lives entrusted to â€Å"medical insightful investigation for the improvement of human condition† by what from the outset sight has all the earmarks of being irrelevant marks of a representative. Such lives were viewed as just forfeits devised by altruist intentions of a valuable overseeing authority. Questions on the off chance that they could have been brought at all up by and large must be considered at someones optional time, and spot obviously. Attempting to look over the rubbles of the world’s past setbacks and refining their exercises for application to today’s issues resembles swimming and doing combating oneself through an ever-mistaking labyrinth soiled for potholes, channels and circular drives. Tolstoy, in his magnum opus War and Peace counseled his perusers that everything in history has he illusion of seeming to have been fated, when history has occured. I accept that as potential clinical specialists fair and basic scholarly request is just the start and the least of what we can do to forestall what people in the future will remorsefully esteem as unavoidable outcomes of our â€Å"brilliant concoctions†. As indicated by Congressman Greenwoo d’s opening explanations at the becoming aware of the COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND COMMERCE, SUBCOMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND INVESTIGATIONS March 28, 2001 assembled by clinical analysts, bioethicists and individuals from congress, â€Å" For the greater part of its 80 years, the fearless New World could be viewed as an upsetting work of sci-fi. That is not true anymore. The conceivable cloning of individuals is presently consigned to the worldâ€not consigned to the universe of fiction. The inquiry we should now pose is this: what would it be advisable for us to do with this science? † Amidst the setting of weighty political and legitimate discussions over bioethics that occurred in the ‘90s and mid 21st century because of Ian Wilmot’s sheep cloning experiements, laws had been sanctioned that assisted with controling the advancement of regenerative advances. It became perfectly clear that the commencement clock has now been set for he inescapable - the cloning of Homo sapiens. Nobody realizes what might occur after that. In any case, various autonomously financed private labs over the United States and around the globe burned through brief period to discover legitimate escape clauses to sidestep the investigation of specialists and hopped into the ch ase for the sacred goal. For example, On December 5, 1997, Chicagoan physicist and ripeness master Richard Seed declared that he intended to clone an individual under the steady gaze of any government laws could be ordered to boycott the procedure. Seed’s plans were to apply a similar procedure used to clone Dolly. Seed's declaration conflicted with President Clinton's 1997 proposition for a deliberate private ban against human cloning. A few contentions might be proposed to clarify this intensity. There were the individuals who contended that conceptive opportunity incorporates human cloning, maybe as a way to address the issue of male fruitlessness. Others upheld cloning as a way to reproduce a perished adored one. For yet others, human cloning is defended on the grounds that it might give significant advances in logical information. Certainly, science is qualified for have moral measures set apart from every other standard of society. Maybe a more critical gander at the going with proof will uncover this isn't so. As indicated by Jeff Stryker, an essayist for the New York Times Magazine, dated August 4, 2009, sperm banking has now become a worldwide and open market; customers are not, at this point constrained to the little benefactor pools at nearby mother and-pop sperm banks. Specifically, Cryos, a Denmark based organization has as of late started media intrigue. Its organization procedure is planned for turning into the McDonald’s of sperm banks the world over. Stuffed in dry ice or fluid nitrogen sperms are dispatched express to its purchasers in excess of twelve nations around the globe. By one way or another, it can avoid numerous lawful guidelines forced by household and neighborhood guidelines on nearby sperm bank endeavors. In any case, the benefit of the sperm bank business has not stemmed the tide in the improvement of product offerings taking into account the impulses and tastes of various buyer fragments. Virginia's Fairfax Cryobank has ventured into the serious scene with its †Fairfax Doctorate Donors†; since April 1999 the firm has offered, at a third more than the typical charges, sperm from clinical, law, Ph. D. what's more, different understudies and graduates. Cryos offers three evaluations of sperm, including a †extra† form that contains double the quantity of exceptionally motile sperm as its †regular† image. An Ivy class woman’s egg could these days bring upwards of $50,000. The California Cryobank, situated in Los Angeles has propelled another component to enable imminent child to player purchasers pick a heap. Its product offerings highlights sperms and eggs of givers that are big name carbon copies. Adam Sandler, Andy Roddick, and Ben Affleck are nevertheless a couple of significant notices. Obviously these guardians are allowed to pick whom they need to have as their youngsters. The Oxford English word reference characterizes the term â€Å"designer babies† as â€Å"a infant that the hereditary cosmetics has been falsely chosen by hereditary building joined with in vitro preparation to guarantee the nearness or nonattendance of specific qualities or characteristics†. As per Ritter M (2008), â€Å"news that researchers have just because hereditarily adjusted a human undeveloped organism is drawing fire from some guard dog bunches that state it’s a stage toward making ‘designer babies’. † Yet, the universality of various sperms and eggs available today appears to offer a progressively acceptable option in contrast to hereditary designing. An alternate and maybe additionally squeezing issue bases on the morals of pre-implantation hereditary determination (PGD). Here undeveloped organisms are screened for quality blames before being moved to a lady's uterus. It has gone under the spotlight as of late in the UK, with prominent cases, for example, that of the Leeds-based Hashmi family. The Hashmis have a youngster with an uncommon blood issue, who desperately needs a bone marrow transplant. Through utilizing PGD, the Hashmis might have the option to have a kid that is liberated from the confusion endured by their current kid. The kid yet to be conceived could likewise give tissue to fix its kin. The Hashmi case turned into the subject of long stretches of legitimate fighting in the UK courts†. (Lee, 2003) In April 2009, Panayiotis Zavos, a dubious richness analyst pulled in universal media consideration when he declared to the world that he had cloned 14 human undeveloped organisms and moved 11 of them into the bellies of four ladies, in any event one of whom was British. The activity bombed in any case. As indicated by his own words, the inspirations for cloning was â€Å"not to repeat the Michael Jacksons and the Michael Jordans in this world, and furthermore, we are absolutely against architect babies. Hence, we are not keen on controlling the hereditary data, the genome, yet rather simply permitting those moms and fathers to be, to become natural dads and moms of those youngsters, and, ideally, those kids will be sound kids and we are completely dedicated to that†¦ We are discussing the improvement of an innovation that can give a fruitless and childless couple the option to repeat and have a kid or more all total its life cycle. This is a human right and ought not be detracted from individuals since somebody or a gathering of individuals have questions about its turn of events. As indicated by Lewis Wolpert, a teacher of science, the issue is an insignificant one. Shockingly enough, moral issues with respect to originator babies are difficult to see. In his own words, â€Å"What conceivable contention from morals could be utilized against pre-birth determination of an undeveloped organism acquired by IVF, if the finding forestalls the implantation of incipient organisms with flawed qualities? I realize that a few people object, yet there is no proof that the early undeveloped organism is an individual. This thought is a generally ongoing one, with strict supporting however with neither contention nor proof. The Magisterium of the Catholic Church requests that the incipient organism be regarded from the principal case. Be that as it may, what must be considered for each situation is the youngster and its future prosperity, and not to do so is thoroughly ailing in regard. Who, for instance, is being hurt in all the ongoing whine about picking an undeveloped organism with the correct qualities to support a kin? The two youngsters will surely be all around thought about. Furthermore, it is care of the kid that issues. (Wolpert, 2003)†. The perspectives on strict portion of society remain as an unmistakable difference to the ideas engaged by Wolpert. When all is said in done, they mention three essential criticisms. First being that cloning people could prompt another genetic counseling development where regardless of whether cloning starts with a considerate reason, it could regress into a scientifcally created position positioning of predominant and mediocre individuals. Being such, it would meddles with the characteristic request of creation, disposing of the holiness of God as a cre

Growing online gambling industry and its effects socially, Research Paper

Developing web based betting industry and its belongings socially, monetarily - Research Paper Example Texting has supplanted the meet-and-welcome meetings that were constantly held as a major aspect of family custom (Powers 45). To add salt to a physical issue, the most socially respected kinds of gaming, betting, was brought into the virtual world. Individuals were permitted to bring their betting into the virtual world with heaps of cash in question and with dependence turning into a key worry among a few social analysts (Gainsbury 21). The web at that point prompted an expansion in the quantity of betting choices that an individual could credit to with every improvement making wagering increasingly rewarding and alluring to individuals. Research shows that around 8 million individuals partook in web based betting in the year 2001 with the exponential development expected to hit a higher percentile in the approaching years (Shaffer and Hall 169). Notwithstanding a horde of enactments being passed, betting has become a worthwhile business with more individuals joining and increasing ly reactions being felt by the individuals who are around the players. The report in this will look to distinguish any social and financial reactions that have come about with the proceeded with development of internet betting on the planet and what enactments have been set up to check such increments. To begin with, betting is characterized as the pursuing of cash or anything that may of material worth dependent on an occasion and its result. It expects one to wager and in this way relinquish the put down wager on the off chance that the result of the occasion is despite what might be expected. The fundamental goal of every one of those putting down their wagers is to win with the stakes relying upon how the result is. In this manner, the way that it has been permitted to go on by the expanding number of laws and wagering destinations on betting, implies that it has been acknowledged as a lawful method of getting things done and must be directed by the gaming rules (Powers 50). The web realized the virtual availability of every player and made it simpler for individuals to bet from shut entryways and in the solace of their own homes. It has

Debut Albums and Face free essay sample

Interest that time a few people passed, halted, went to look, and some stood viewing. On the off chance that I turn you free, will you run? asked the lady. M{seem, said the kid. At that point I wont turn you free, said the lady. She didn't discharge him. Im extremely heartbroken, woman, Im grieved, murmured the kid. Urn-murmur! What's more, your face is dirty.I got an extraordinary brain to wash your face for you. Hostile to you got no one home to confront you directly? Infra, said the kid. At that point it will get washed tonight said the huge lady firing up the road, hauling the scared kid behind her. He looked as though he were fourteen or fifteen, slight and willow-wild, in sneakers and Levis. The lady stated, should be my child. I would instruct you directly from wrong. Least I can do right currently is to wash your face. We will compose a custom paper test on Presentation Albums and Face or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It is safe to say that you are ravenous? Early afternoon, said the being hauled kid. I Just need you to turn me free. At that point wow or three individuals passed, halted, went to look, and some stood viewing. In the event that I turn you free, will you run? asked the lady. Pantomimes, said the kid. Apologies, woman, Im grieved, murmured the kid. Urn-murmur! Also, your face Is filthy. I got an incredible brain to wash your face for you. Subterranean insect you got no one home to confront you directly? Early afternoon, said the kid. At that point it will get washed tonight, said the huge lady firing up the road, Neff, said the being hauled kid. I Just need you to turn me free. At that point a few people passed, halted, went to look. Furthermore, some stood viewing. In the event that I Yess, said the kid. Your face?By that time a few people passed, halted, went to look, and some stood viewing. On the off chance that I turn you free, will you run? asked the lady. Apologies, woman, Im heartbroken, murmured the kid. Um-murmur! Also, your face is messy. I got a Levis. The lady stated, Mimi should be my child. I would instruct you directly from Noon, said the being hauled kid. l Just need you to turn me free. Early afternoon, said the kid. Pants. The lady stated, muff should be my child. I would train you directly from Noon, said the being hauled kid. I Just need you to turn me free. Early afternoon, said Noon, said the being hauled kid. I Just need you to turn me free.

Organizational Behavioral Problems and Solutions Assignment - 550 Words

Organizational Behavioral Problems and Solutions Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: Organizational Behavioral Problems and SolutionsName:University:Having worked and interacted with various organizational leaders and executives, for over 15 years, I have come to realize that, although different, organizations throughout the world experience a host of common challenges. These challenges are not scientific but rather social as they revolve around the manner in which individuals and groups act or relate with each other in the general workplace (Huft, 2014).Organizational behavioral problems is thus a collective term used to refer to all types of challenges organizations face, which have to do with how human beings within the organization relate with each other (Ackoff, 2014). In todays dynamic business environment, multilateral organizations such as Wal-Mat face a number of challenges on issues regarding organizational behavior.I have spent the last two years of my professional life working with Wal-Mat stores across the United States and I have identi fied a host of contemporary challenges on issues regarding organization behavior affecting the chain store. Some of these challenges include:- * Diversity of workplace- Wal-Mat is multilateral company, with branches all over the United States. The companys workspace is diverse, bringing together, employees of different races, socio-cultural backgrounds, age and sexual orientation (Arkman, 2014). What has become extremely difficult in such a work environment is managing this diversity in a way that would impact positively on the companys output. * Technology- The evolutionary changes in technology have drastically transformed the way of doing of doing business, the mundus operandi, ushering in a new era characterized by a new class of digital customers and tech savvy employees. The interconnectedness of todays business landscape with increased information flow from employees direct to customers has exposed the companys reputation and hurting its performance. The Wal-Mat store has exp erienced a number of online reputation crisis in the past few years. * Security- The growing threat of global terrorism has changed the notion of security in the todays business landscape. As result, organizational managers have become extremely conscious of security and this has also changed the manner in which they view their employees in the general workplace. However, the diversity of todays work environment has forced organizations to increase the security layers of the organization in order to guarantee safety for all. As a result, employees privacy has been compromised as organizations intrude and encroach too much into the private affairs of an individual in the name of security clearance.Scholars and practitioners in organizational management have therefore offered a host of solutions on how to deal with contemporary organizational behavior challenges. Kaplan (2016) puts emph...

Essay about Organ Transplantation - 978 Words

Organ transplantation is, without a hesitation, one of the most major achievements in modern medicine. In many cases, it is the only effective therapy for end-stage organ failure and is broadly practiced around the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 21,000 liver transplants, 66,000 kidney transplants, and 6000 heart transplantation were performed globally in 2005.1 In addition, data showed that living kidney, liver, and lung donations declined, going from 7,004 in 2004 to 6,219 in 2008 making it a challenge for patients who are in need of organ transplant1. According to the WHO; an estimated 46,000 people in Egypt are in need of transplants, most of them liver and kidney transplants. Egypt’s population of†¦show more content†¦Many physicians, Islamic scholars, and politicians have sustained that Islam has nothing to do with resistance to organ transplantation in Egypt. They even cite as their evidence the fact that other Islamic countries have passed a law allowing national organ transplantation from brain-dead and living donors. However, the resistance in Egypt must then be due to reasons other than Islam, namely the uncontrolled black market in body parts and reports of organ theft that has tainted the public perception of organ transplantation. In addition, the reliance on living donors has created shortage of organs due to small number of donors. Donors are often tackled with a major operation, and they pose a substantial health risk without any potential benefit. A wide range of complications in donors after living-donor transplant has been reported in the medical literature. The incidence of complications ranges from 0% to 67%, with an overall crude complication prevalence of 31%.3 Although, the demand for living-donor transplant is higher in Egypt than in the United States and Europe, the ethical principles leading the act of living donation should be the same everywhere.4 Placing a healthy individual at risk of death for a procedure that does not directly benefit the donor needs to be balanced by the autonomy of the donor. On the other hand, a large proportion of those whoShow MoreRelatedThe Organ Of Organ Transplantation1426 Words   |  6 Pagesmost significant issues concerning organ transplantation revolves around the just and fair distribution of organs. Due to the assorted and occasionally conflicting opinions of what constitutes as ‘fair’, in concurrence with a relative shortage of donated organs, many social, legal and ethical contentions have arisen. This shortage is portrayed by statistics shown on the NHS organ donation page, where approximately 10,000 people are on the waiting list for a solid organ transplant and approximately 1Rea d MoreOrgan And Organ Of Organ Transplantation2652 Words   |  11 Pagescentury, organ transplantation provides a way of giving the gift of life to patients with terminal failure of vital organs. Organ transplantation requires the participation of both fellow human beings and of society by donating organs from deceased or living individuals. The ever increasing rate of organ failure and the inadequate supply of organs have created a significant gap between organ supply and organ demand. This gap has resulted in extremely lengthy waiting times to receive an organ as wellRead MoreNo Secret That The Organ Transplantation917 Words   |  4 Pageshave to be put on a donor list to get a replacement of a diagnosed organ that must be replaced to live. It is no secret that the organ transplantation list has a significant amount of people and every day a handful of them die. A average of twenty one people die everyday, according to the American Transplant Foundation. Many scientist and m edically certified personals have been trying to come up with alternative genetic modified organs to give to needed patients, instead of waiting for a donor to comeRead MoreOrgan System Of Organ Transplantation3687 Words   |  15 PagesStates, Not Just Legal Citizens, Should Automatically Be Considered Organ Donors Unless Otherwise Specified Rough Draft UFID: 9169-9185 June 6, 2015 I. Background According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, organ transplantation is the process of surgically transferring a donated organ into a patient with end-stage organ failure (U.S Dept of health and human services website). End-stage organ failure can be attributed to a number of diseases. Diseases suchRead MoreOrgan System Of Organ Transplantation3687 Words   |  15 PagesStates, Not Just Legal Citizens, Should Automatically Be Considered Organ Donors Unless Otherwise Specified Rough Draft UFID: 9169-9185 June 6, 2015 I. Background According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, organ transplantation is the process of surgically transferring a donated organ into a patient with end-stage organ failure (U.S Dept of health and human services website). End-stage organ failure can be attributed to a number of diseases. Diseases suchRead MoreOrgan Donation and Transplantation 982 Words   |  4 PagesOrgan and tissue donation is life-saving and life transforming medical process wherein organs and tissues were removed from a donor and transplant them to a recipient who is very ill from organ failure. It is said that one organ can save up to 10 people and may improve the lives of thousands more (Australian Red Cross Blood Service, 2011). Most of the donated organs and tissues came from people who already died but in some cases, a living person can donate organs such as kidneys, heart, liver, pancreasRead MoreOrgan Transplantation Essay1225 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Organ transplantation is a medical act which involves the surgical operating by transferring or removing of an organ from one person to the other, or placing the organ of a donor into the body of a recipient for the replacement of the recipients damaged or failed organ which resulted from impairment of normal physiological function affecting part or all of an organism or an act that causes someone to receive physical damage. Lately, there is an emerging innovation whereby organs are createdRead MoreThe Commercialization Of Organ Transplantation1660 Words   |  7 Pagesto save the world, [he] would spend fifty-five minutes defining the problem, and only five minutes finding the solution† (Einstein). In the case of the commercialization of organ transplantation, would the ramifications laid by Einstein change if a doctor had only one hour to save the life of a patient in dire need of an organ transplant? An individual that had spent the last three years on a waiting-list? Waiting, years, months, and days without end for a second chance at life. Similar to EinsteinRead MoreOrgan Transplantation Is The Removal Of A Healthy Organ1539 Words   |  7 PagesPiechowiak 2nd Period 8th Grade Accelerated Language Arts December 14th, 2015 Organ Transplants Organ transplantation is the removal of a healthy organ from one person and placing it into another whose organ has failed, or is injured. It is known to be life saving 80 percent of the time, but it is a major surgery that carries many me potential risks and complications- the biggest one being organ rejection. (WebMD) Organ transplants have quite some history. The first successful kidney transplant wasRead MoreOrgan Procurement And Transplantation Network2065 Words   |  9 PagesWhat if your doctor told you that your time was limited to less than six months, unless a compatible donor came along? This is what many people go through every day. They are put in the â€Å"National Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network or OPTN† which is the transplant waiting list (Tara.B). Organs that become available through the OPTN are matched with the recipients. Here is where most of the people will wait months, years, or even the remainder of their life for a compatible donor t o become

Gender Roles During The Years Men And Women Essay

Gender Roles in Society Over the years men and women have been given gender roles that they are pressured to follow. According to Amy Blackstone, â€Å"gender roles are based on the different expectations that individuals, groups and societies have of individuals based on their sex†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2003). In other words, gender roles are social norms and expectations, created and accepted by society, based on a person’s gender. There have been different gender roles throughout the different time eras and in some eras the gender roles have been strongly enforced. Today, many people believe that gender roles do not really exist in society anymore; however the pressure on gender roles given by society is present now more than ever, even if it is subtle. Individuals are still given expectations by society based on their gender. For boys or men, they are expected to be more masculine, aggressive and strong, while women or girls on the other hand, are expected to be feminine, calm, friendly and caring (Wood , 1994). These gender roles given by society to men and women must be removed because they do not allow a person to express their identity. Gender Roles To understand the effect of gender roles on a person’s identity, there must be a deeper understanding of what gender roles are. The first step in understanding the term ‘gender roles’, is to understand the term ‘gender’. There is a universal misconception of the social term ‘gender’ because it is confused with the term ‘sex’ (Blackstone, 2003).Show MoreRelatedGender Roles Of Women And Women1662 Words   |  7 Pages Gender Roles â€Å"Gender is the costume, a mask, a straightjacket in which men and women dance their unequal dance† (Kearl). Throughout history, women have been treated with unequal and unjust standards in comparison to their male counterparts. This paper will discuss gender roles in society and the stereotypes placed on men and women. As well as gender role development and the different influences that lead to these roles and stereotypes. Also, it will outline the history and progress of women’sRead MoreGender equality and gender roles go hand in hand in society. These two concepts complement each1100 Words   |  5 PagesGender equality and gender roles go hand in hand in society. These two concepts complement each other to the extent in which one must know about both to fully understand the capacity of either. Gender roles are roles each sex is given. These are stereotypical things. Gender is how people are seen by society. This is imprinted in the brain at a young age and is formed and molded through childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and late adulthood. Each stage comes with different ideas about gender and powerRead More Gender Roles Essay864 Words   |  4 PagesGender Roles The affects of gender roles on people greatly change the way the society runs. According to the Websters dictionary the definition of gender are the behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with one sex, and the definition of role is a character assigned or assumed. The key word in this definition is assumed; therefore, whether you are male or female, you know what role you must play in society. Traditional gender roles are beneficialRead MoreGender Roles And The Media867 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 21st century, we see women in the media have many roles that men have, such as, police officer, doctor and running to become president, while a nurse and teacher have emerged as both men and women jobs. Over time, the media show how gender role had changed but are what the media is showing the truth about the gender roles in the United States. Historian and scholar had written about this subject of gender roles and how the media affect our view. Thesis statement Reality vs. Fiction Is theRead MoreGender Inequality Essay1121 Words   |  5 PagesGender Inequality In The Home Remains An Issue In Family Life. Gender inqualities often stem from social structures that have instiutionalized conceptions of gender differences. Gender inequality has been around for centuries. In many family homes, their lives evolve around gender roles. The responibilties in the family are allocated to their sex (gender). There are certain tasks which are usually allocated to males and females. Some see this division as biologolical differences between theRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On The Media Essay1111 Words   |  5 Pages Since, media has major influence over the public; violence being portrayed in the media is causing problems. Violence against women in the media has been happening for decades. The violence has been taking shape in many forms, as in emotional and physical violence. The types of emotional violence portrayed in the media include sexualizing, degrading, and treating women as less than human. The types of physical violence used in the media include hitting, slapping, kicking, sexual assault, and stranglingRead MoreWomen During The 1950 S1454 Words   |  6 Pageswas under way, and women in s ports play a very uneven role. In the 1950’s men really preferred the masculine role, they wanted to be the man of the house and with that, the best athlete. It was happening all around the world in the 1950’s, men wanted to show the ladies who really was in charge, and as a result woman in sports were not fairly treated. How are women treated in regard to sports and what stereotypes are shown and what role do these women play in the 1950’s? 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The men would hunt for food and the women would be in charge of the domestic duties such as cleaning and cooking. Doing the domestic chores would have kept women more protected, as it is less strenuous and would have guarded the camp whilst the men were out hunting therefore increasingRead MoreThe Role Of Gender Roles In The Elizabethan Era1075 Words   |  5 Pagesstereotypical topic of gender roles in early history is the definition of the Elizabethan Era. Since the beginning of time females has been ranked below all male figures in status as well as a work force. Furthermore, the men were known to be the breadwinners for the family whereas the women were meant to stay at home housewife (Sharnette). Throughout history this storetype has evolved, but an average day for a male and female during the Elizabethan Era is ra ther contrasting. With women having little to

Contemporary Society and Cultural Equation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Society and Cultural Equation. Answer: Introduction: Islam is a faith which preaches unity and devotion, power and chastity in its own sense. Islam has given conviction to women who are firm in their resolve and have mental strength. But misinterpretation of its religious texts has completely altered the social and cultural equation towards women which has drastically effected their day to day lives and future. In practicing Islam, it is taught that God judges a person by its gender, so there are different laws for males and for females. Muslim men do not allow Muslim women to do tough jobs such as being a military women or to practice their faith openly by going to Masjids. All he important decisions of the family as well as society are taken by men and women do not get any say in those matters. All the religious institutions have men as their leaders and they make policies as per their convenience and fancies which are not challenged by women because their opinion do not matter. In the time of war, women temporarily changed their status to become the decisions makers for few days and for numbered events. But after the time of crisis assed, women were seen to do their previously assigned roles and men who were given encouragement by women during war took their places back by citing some religious texts which was appreciated by all. It is not that Islamic religious texts do not have scriptures written in favor of women, making them equals in the eyes of men. But these verses are not recited at public meeting due to the dominance and fear of men and their retaliation after getting offended. If any woman tries to fight or oppose for their rights and upliftment then they are criticized and threatened for life. Women activists are told that they should be ashamed and are a disgra ce for their families. Women are the weakest link of the Islamic society. They are suppressed, abused and criticized at every point and there are innumerable rules and restrictions for them in economic, political and social context whereas men enjoy all the freedom in the society which creates a huge imbalance of gender equality. Consequences of this bias has crippled many generations of young and sharp Muslim women who have tried to make their mark in the pages of history but were not allowed to achieve anything significant. Driverless cars are one of the most prominent examples of modern day technological innovations. But automated car driving technology is not 100% safe till now and there are many things in a car driving mechanism which needs to be revised. There are many scenarios of accident and safety when a driverless car is on the road. To maintain the safety of the passenger or a bystander the car should follow two philosophical principles given by Immanuel Kant and Jeremy Bentham. According to the philosophy of Kant, the car should apply the duty-bound principle which states that Thou Shalt not Kill. This principle is about the importance of life which explicitly establishes that the car should not kill a human being and the car must be allowed to take the path which may harm more than one humans but not kill anyone. Now, according to Jeremy Bentham the car must follow the principles of utilitarianism. This principle is opposite of Kants theory which states that the car should reduce the harm incurred as much as possible and in doing so even if it kills the passenger or a bystander. This creates a social dilemma where the owner of the car wants to protect the car from any harm and also wants the passengers and bystanders to be completely safe. In the case of driverless cars, prioritizing the safety of the passenger can compromise the safety of the bystander and vice versa. This is known as the tragedy of algorithmic commons. If the perspective of the owner of the car is taken into account then the safety of the passenger will be must even if the bystander on the pedestrians gets killed. To know the views of people in context of this decision making problem related to social dilemma survey was conducted in which people said that if the harm is minimized and passenger safety is compromised then they will not but the car. It was understood that in cases where people face ethical dilemma like this, they tend to protect themselves when such a situation comes. They are not ready to sacrifice and this becomes a social issue where people do trade-offs where they feel comfortable ignoring the social good. Ethics of robots is the key for this decision-making. The Case for Optimism on Climate Change Climate change has been the most talked about topics in recent years. There has been many conferences and meets resulting in climate accords and protocols agreed upon by all the developed countries of the world. Change in climate has negatively impacted the environment of Earth. Green cover of Earth has been diminishing which has reduced the resistance of pollution caused by human actions. Infusion of greenhouse gases has degraded the thin layer of air called the atmosphere to an extent where no further addition is tolerable. Negative impact of greenhouse gases has effected components of environment such as agriculture, population, diet forests, oceans, transportation, permafrost and melting of ice. The root cause of this climate change is the use of carbon-based fuels which is the major source of energy generation. Carbon-based fuels are used to generate 85% of energy all over the globe which is a dirty method of energy production in context of the environment. After the end of World War II emission of these harmful gases has increased. This has resulted in the accumulation of heating components in the atmosphere in the form of greenhouse gases. Warmer months of winter and record breaking temperature hikes in summers are the result of these man made pollution agents. This rise in heat is adversely effecting plants, animals, ecosystem and collectively the entire planet. Ocean life is also depleting as 93% of the entire heat is trapped in it. If recorded data is scrutinized, then it will be observed that heat enhancement has been in last 19 years. Consequently, typhoons and storms have been more frequent and stronger and the average humidity around the world has increased. This results in heavy downpour in selected areas and flood situations. To change the present scenario there are a lot of things organizations of the world are doing. Installation of 30 gigawatts of wind energy, cost of establishing batteries and energy storage has gone down making it cheaper to own and use, solar energy is more popularly being used in many countries of the world. Due to cheaper components of solar panels its penetration is increasing. Many big business players have started to invest in renewable energy as it is the biggest business prospect in the foreseeable future. Introduction of new technology has also leapfrogged and is adopted by countries who cannot use the above mentioned energy resources. Impact of rules and regulations of a country on its citizens is huge. Those rules are made by the culture or religious practices followed in the country. Driving a car for a woman in the country of Saudi Arabia is a social offense opposing the custom of the country and its society. Manal got arrested for driving and his brother was detained twice for giving her the car keys. She had to face social condemnation and outcast and a great amount of humiliation for doing such thing which is a very common thing in other countries of the world. It is the social norms that determines what a person is allowed to do or not and is made law in countries like Saudi Arabia. There is no such law in Saudi Arabia about women not driving a car rather it is a social custom. The reason given for such a restriction by Shura Council is that according to a survey done by UNESCO, women living in countries where women are allowed to drive have more cases of women involved in prostitution, adultery, drug abuse and rape. This custom of based on ultra-conservative belief that women are weak and inferior to men and they are they have to take permission may it be written or verbal from their guardians to do things of common practice. Moreover, women are also issued religious fatwas condemning them from their rightful duties which are derived from wrong interpretation of Sharia Law. To worsen the situation, these codes and converted into laws and their practice makes women believe in the inferiority. Manal has a different perception of her personality and herself which encouraged her to break the taboo of women driving a car in Saudi Arabia. Inspire of all the social condemnation and outcast she feels to be a hero in front of the women who like to break the shackles of inferiority and suppression around the world but is seen as a villain in the society of men and Saudi Arabia. She is also called a traitor and a betrayer of social norms in her country. Due to the efforts of Manal Al- Sharif and her crusade against social taboos Saudi Arabia has started to take small measure towards improving women rights. She is optimistic about liberating women from the shackles of societal evils existing in this modern world. She believes that women are responsible for their own fate and status in the society. Reference Arvanitakis and James. Progress and societies [online].Culturescope, Vol. 101, Aug 2013: 19-21.Availability:https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=877783198551758;res=IELHSSISSN: 1323-191X. [cited 10 Oct 17].